Appium tutorial provides basic and advanced concepts of the Appium Automation testing tool. Our Appium tutorial is designed for beginners and professionals.
In this tutorial, we are going to discuss the following topic:
- Competitors of Appium
- Appium vs Robotium
- Appium vs Selendroid
Appium is a cross-platform tool that supports both iOS and Android. Whereas Robotium only supports Android. Appium supports various languages while Robotium only supports Java programming language. Appium does not require application source code/library, whereas Robotium tool requires application source code or library. Appium-inspector A GUI inspector for mobile apps and more, powered by a (separately installed) Appium server.
Appium Tutorial
Appium is the open source automation tool for testing mobile applications. Sauce Labs made the initial commit to the project in 2013 and actively contributes to this day. We have a roster of mobile test automation experts and provide guidance for organizations that need help establishing their mobile testing strategy. Appium does not support testing of Android Version lower than 4.2; Limited support for hybrid app testing. E.g., not possible to test the switching action of application from the web app to native and vice-versa.
What is Appium?
Appium is an open-source automation mobile testing tool, which is used to test the application. It is developed and supported by Sauce Labs to automate native and hybrid mobile apps. It is a cross-platform mobile automation tool, which means that it allows the same test to be run on multiple platforms. Multiple devices can be easily tested by Appium in parallel.
In today's development area, the demand for mobile applications is high. Currently, people are converting their websites into mobile apps. Therefore, it is very important to know about mobile software automation testing technology and also stay connected with new technology. Appium is a mobile application testing tool that is currently trending in Mobile Automation Testing Technology.
Appium is used for automated testing of native, hybrid, and web applications. It supports automation test on the simulators (iOS) and emulators (Android) as well as physical devices (Android and iOS both). Previously, this tool mainly focused on IOS and Android applications that were limited to mobile application testing only. Few updates back, Appium declared that it would now support desktop application testing for windows as well.
Appium is very much similar to the Selenium Webdriver testing tool. So, if you already know Selenium Webdriver, Appium becomes very easy to learn. Appium has NO dependency on mobile device OS because it has a framework that converts the Selenium Webdriver commands to UIAutomator and UIAutomation commands for Android and iOS respectively, that depends on the device type rather than the OS type.
It supports several languages such as Java, PHP, Objective C, C#, Python, JavaScript with node.js, and Ruby, and many more that have Selenium client libraries. Selenium is the backend of Appium that provides control over the functionality of Selenium for testing needs.
Features of Appium
- Appium does not require application source code or library.
- Appium provides a strong and active community.
- Appium has multi-platform support i.e., it can run the same test cases on multiple platforms.
- Appium allows the parallel execution of test scripts.
- In Appium, a small change does not require re-installation of the application.
- Appium supports various languages like C#, Python, Java, Ruby, PHP, JavaScript with node.js, and many others that have Selenium client library.
Advantages of Appium
- Appium is an open-source tool, which means it is freely available. It is easy to install.
- It allows the automated testing of hybrid, native, and web applications.
- Unlike other testing tools, you do not need to include any additional agents in your app to make Appium compatible with automation. It tests the same app, which is going to upload in App Store.
- An additional feature added to Appium. Now it would support desktop application testing for windows as well along with mobile application testing.
- Appium is a cross-platform, freely available mobile testing tool, which allows us the cross-platform mobile testing. This means you can test on multiple platforms (single API for both Android and IOS platforms).
Disadvantages of Appium
Along with some features and advantages, Appium has some drawbacks too, which are as follows-
- Lack of detailed reports.
- Since the tests depend on the remote web driver, so it is a bit slow.
- It is not a limitation, but an overhead that Appium uses UIAutomator for Android that only supports Android SDK, API 16, or higher. However, Appium supports older APIs, but not directly. It uses another open-source library Selendroid to support older APIs.
- In iOS, only one instance (iOS Script) can run on one Mac OS device, which means one test can be executed at a time per Mac. If you want to run your tests on multiple iOS devices at the same time, you need to arrange the same number of Mac machines. But it would be expensive to arrange various Mac machines.
Solution: This problem can be resolved if you will run your script in the mobile cloud of Sauce Lab. Currently, it allows scripts to run on multiple iOS simulators at the same time.
Appium Architecture
Appium is an HTTP server that is written in node.js. It starts a 'test case' on the device that gives rise to a server and listens for proxied commands from the main Appium server. Tester writes the Test scripts to execute on device or Emulator. Several webdriver sessions for different platforms like Android and IOS are created and handled by the Appium.
Test Scripts written by the tester executes on the Emulator or device by sending them as requests to the Appium server. Each vendor, such as IOS or Android, has a different method and mechanism to execute test cases on the device. So, the test case executes after listening commands from the Appium server. Appium uses JSON wire protocols to send command requests to Appium server.
Appium-doctor
How Appium work?
- When we install the Appium, a server is also installed with it on our machine that exposes the REST API.
- It receives command and connection requests from the client and executes that command on devices like iOS or Android.
- It replies with the HTTP responses.
- To execute requests, it uses a mobile test automation framework to run the user interface of the app. For Example -
- Apple instruments used for iOS
- Selendroid used for Android API 15 or less
- UIAutomator used for Android API 16 or higher
Remember that Appium uses another open-source library Selendroid to support older APIs because UIAutomator only supports API 16 or higher.
Now we will discuss how Appium works on different platforms -
Appium in Android
On Android, Appium proxies the command to a UIAutomator script running on the device. UIAutomator is a native UI automation framework of Android that allows you to run Junit test cases directly into the device using command line. Although it uses Java programming language, but Appium allows to run it from any WebDriver supported language.
Android uses bootstrap.jar, which works as a TCP server. It is used to send the test commands to perform the actions on Android device using UIAutomator.
In the below figure, see the Appium architecture in respect to Android automation -
Appium in iOS
As Android uses UIAutomator, iOS uses UIAutomation. Similar to the Android, Appium proxies the command to a UIAutomation test case running on the Mac instruments environment. Apple provides this application 'instrument' that performs various activities like building, profiling, and controlling iOS apps. On the other hand, it also has an automation component where you can write commands in JavaScript. It uses UIAutomation API to interact with Application UI. Appium uses same libraries to automate iOS Apps.
In the below figure, see the Appium architecture in respect to iOS automation -
Note in the above diagram that bootstrap.js is used in place of bootstrap.jar. It performs the actions on our AUT (Application Under Test).
Types of Mobile Applications
As we discussed earlier, Appium has the ability to deal with all sorts of applications, i.e., native, hybrid, and web. Let's understand them in details -
Native Applications
Native applications are software programs that are developed by keeping a certain platform in mind. These applications are developed using a specific software development kit. Native apps are developed for use on a specific device and can be installed from the App Store, such as Google Play Store or Apple's App Store. They can work offline and can also use the device notification system.
Some native application examples are - Pinterest, Skype, Snapchat, etc.
Web Applications
Web applications are not real applications, they are websites that run on browsers. These applications are developed using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript at a very low price. Unlike Android and iOS apps, they do not require a Software Development Kit (SDK) for developers to work with. Web applications are not developed for a particular platform. Since the web applications run on web browsers, they don't require any installation.
Some web application examples are - Flipkart, Ali Express, twitter, etc.
Hybrid Applications
Hybrid application is a combination of native and web applications. Like native applications, these applications can be downloaded from the App Store and also can take advantage of device features, but actually they are web applications inside. They are developed using web development languages - HTML, CSS, and JavaScript like the hybrid app, which allows them to run on any platform.
Some hybrid application examples are - OLA, Instagram, Basecamp, etc.
Appium Download
Prerequisites to use Appium
- Install Java (JDK)
- Install Android Studio
- Install additional Android SDK tools
- Install Appium jar file
- js (Not required - It by default comes with 'node.js' and 'NPM', whenever the Appium server is installed. Therefore, it is not required to install node.js and NPM separately. It is already included in current version of Appium.)
- Install Appium Desktop Client
- Install Eclipse IDE for Java
Appium Installation on windows
Setting up Appium is not only the installation of a single tool or setting up a few variables. A complete setup of Appium requires the installation of many other tools. Then Appium starts testing of an application. This tutorial mainly focuses on Appium setup for Android on Windows Operating system.
Install and setup Java
With Appium, you need to write automation test scripts that can interact with your mobile screen and control fields (such as text boxes, buttons, etc.) in your mobile application, and also can perform actions on them. Java is used to write these automation test scripts. So, download the latest version of JDK and setup the environment variable.
- Setup Java Environment Variable.
Install and setup Android Studio
This is one of the most time taking step to download and install the Android Studio. It may cause of errors in Appium if not done properly. With downloading the Android Studio, there are many other changes need to be setup. Here, we would recommend you to download the latest version of Android Studio.
- Download the Android Studio
Download the latest version of Android Studio by clicking the above link. Double click on downloaded .exe file to run. To complete the installation process, continue with all default options and finish the installation process. Android studio takes time to install. - Install additional Android SDK tools
After the complete installation of Android Studio, you will see the main panel of Android Studio, as given in the screenshot below. Click on the Configure drop-down menu at the bottom right corner and select the SDK Manager.
The default screen will open up with Android SDK, where under the SDK Platform, check the latest version of Android is installed. You can also use another android version if you are working with a real android device.
On the same page, switch to SDK Tools and check that some of the marked components are installed/updated. If not, mark the checkbox and install them. - Setup Android Environment Variable
Step by step installation of Appium Desktop Client
Now after installing Java and Android Studio and setting up environment variables for both, install Appium Desktop Client. Appium Studio is a GUI app to install Appium server. It comes with all pre-requirements for installing and using Appium server. It has an inspector, which is used to get basic information on your mobile app. Steps for installing Appium Desktop Client on windows are as follow:
Step 1: Go to the following link http://appium.io/ and click on the Download Appium button.
Step 2: For Windows OS, download the exe file of Appium desktop setup. So, click on the file as shown in below screenshot.
Step 3: After downloading the exe file, double click on the downloaded file to run.
Note: On window OS, you don't need to install Appium. It runs from .exe file directly, whereas you need to install the dmg for Mac machine.
Step 4: Here, you need to choose the installation options. You can select all users, if you have multiple users on your system, otherwise select only me for the administrator of the system.
After choosing the installation option, click on the install button.
This will start the installation, which may take time to install.
Step 5: Appium has been successfully installed on your system. For completing Appium setup, click on the Finish button.
Note that Run Appium is checked. This will start the Appium Desktop.
Step 6: Now, Appium Desktop UI will appear on the screen containing the default Host and Port, which can be changed.
Default Host - 0.0.0.0
Default Port - 4723
Click on the Start Server button and start Appium Server.
Step 7: A new server will launch on the Host and Port specified in previous step. You can see the message on the top of the screen that Server is running.
Step 8: Go to File and click on the New Session Window.
Step 9: Provide all desired capabilities here and Click on the Start Session button to start a new session.
- Turn on USB Debugging in Android Mobile Phone
- Download Appium Jar file for Eclipse
- Create a new Project for Appium in Eclipse
- Design test case to test application to launch the app on Android Device
Note that Microsoft window does not support to run Appium Inspector.
Appium Doctor
To check the Appium installation and dependencies, you can install appium-doctor from here.
Appium-doctor is an application tool to verify Appium installation. It shows all the missing things that you need to do. So, this will be very useful to run appium-doctor whenever you get any issue. It will install through npm.
Limitation of Appium
- Microsoft Windows does not support running Appium Inspector.
- Appium does not allow the testing for Android versions lower than 4.2.
- Appium provides limited support for testing Hybrid applications. E.g., Switching action of application is not possible to test i.e., web app to native app and vice versa.
Competitors of Appium
There are several tools available for automated testing mobile applications, such as Robotium, Appium, Experitest, Selendroid, Kobiton, and Testdroid, etc. They all are tough contestants for Appium. But Selendroid and Robotium are one of the top competitors of Appium. Let us know some differences and see how they differ from each other.
Appium vs Robotium
Appium Studio Download
- Appium is a cross-platform tool that supports both iOS and Android. Whereas Robotium only supports Android.
- Appium supports various languages while Robotium only supports Java programming language.
- Appium does not require application source code/library, whereas Robotium tool requires application source code or library.
- Appium can be used to test native, web, and hybrid mobile applications, whereas Robotium can only test native and hybrid applications.
- Appium supports many frameworks like Selenium. But Robotium is not compatible with Selenium at all.
- In Appium, you don't have to reinstall the application for a small change. But Robotium code leads to complete rebuild for a small change.
Appium vs Selendroid
- Appium is an open-source automation tool that supports both iOS and Android, while Selendroid is a test automation framework that only supports Android.
- In Appium, a small change does not require reinstallation of the application. But Selendroid requires reinstallation of the application.
- Appium has a strong and active community, whereas Selendroid does not have a strong community like Appium.
- Appium supports many frameworks and languages. On the other hand, Selendroid is compatible with Jenkin and Selenium.
- Appium does not require application source code/library, while Selendroid requires application source code or library.
- Appium supports all Android APIs with a limitation. Appium uses UIAutomator for tests running on API>=17, while for older APIs, it runs tests using Selendroid.
- Mobile Testing Tutorial
- Mobile Testing Useful Resources
- Selected Reading
Appium is an open-source test automation framework for testing native and hybrid apps and mobile web apps. It drives iOS and Android apps using the WebDriver protocol.
Advantages of Appium
It’s free and (mostly) open source.
It has a very well supported and active Google group.
It’s in the Selenium 3 spec so should be future proof.
It supports both Android and iOS.
It does not require anything to be installed on the device – no server or code changes required.
Drawbacks of Appium
- No support for intelligent waits.
- On iOS, you can only execute one test at a time per Mac.
- Limited support for gestures.
- Limited support for Android < 4.1
How to Use Appium
Step 1 − The prerequisites to use Appium is Java SDK (minimum 1.6). If you don’t have Java installed on your system, then follow the steps given below.
Download JDK and JRE from Oracle JavaSE
Accept license agreement.
Install JDK and JRE.
Set environment variable as shown in the screenshot below.
Step 2 − Download Android Studio from SDK (It will take time because of the size of the file).
- Double click the exe and run the installer.
- Continue with all default options.
- Set the ANDROID_HOME.
Step 3 − Install Android images and tools.
- Click on SDK Manager −
Select the necessary package. For example, if we are building an App for Android 4.4.2, then make sure the following packages are checked under the Tools section −
- Android SDK Tools rev 22.6.3
- Android Platform-tools rev 19.0.1
- Android SDK Build-tools rev 19.1
Step 4 − Create Android Virtual Devices −
Open Android Studio and click AVD Manager in the toolbar. AVDs allow us to test and run our Android apps.
Use the following settings for a Nexus5 AVD −
Device: Nexus 5 (4.95, 1080 x 1920; xxhdpi)
Target: Google APIs x86 (Google Inc.) - API Level 19
Make sure you select the target with Google APIs in the name.
CPU: Intel Atom (x86)
Check the box for Use Host GPU
Click OK.
You should now see the AVD you created in the AVD Manager, where you can start it, delete it, or create another one!
Step 5 − Download Appium jar files from Appium
Appium Java Client
Test an App with Appium
To test an App with Appium, follow the steps given below −
Step 1 − Create a test Project in the Android Studio named as “RobotiumTest”.
Choose all the default options until you reach to the main page.
Step 2 − Add the Appium jars into your project. Click Project → App → copy all the jars in lib. Select the copied jars except Selenium, Java client and Junit Jar, then right-click on it and click on 'Add as Library'.
Step 3 − Click on build.gradle in the App. You will see all the libraries added, as shown in the following screenshot.
Step 4 − Now create a Java class as shown below −
Appium.io
Step 5 − Running the Test case.
- Click on build variant and select Unit Testing.
- Start the Appium server with the specific port '4444'.
- Download the Appium for Windows from here.
- Double click on the .exe and install Appium.
- Click on the icon to up the UI.
- Change the port if required, as shown below.
- Click the Play button to start the server.
- Connect the device with USB debugging on or start an emulator.
- Right-click the test class and click on 'Run'.